Essay Topics About Yosemite

Essay Topics About YosemiteWhen you start writing essays, there are some topic options that may be more appropriate than others. Essay topics about Yosemite are not a difficult decision to make; however, it is up to you to determine how much information you are willing to offer in your essay. You may have a more difficult time with topics that include Yosemite history or what exactly it means to be a Yosemite hiker.People will almost always choose one of the three most popular essay topics about Yosemite; these three are the most commonly used essay topics. The three popular topics include Yosemite as a National Park, Yosemite in History, and Yosemite in the U.S. All three of these essay topics can vary greatly depending on the facts you are writing about. For example, the first two topics deal with Yosemite as a national park.A national park is an area that is restricted and cannot be accessed by any other type of access. However, this does not mean that you cannot write about Yosem ite as a National Park. By finding a good essay topic that deals with Yosemite as a National Park, you can get some great writing out of the topic.Yosemite National Park, was opened in 1890 by President Benjamin Harrison. It is located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Northern California. It covers about four hundred and eighty-five square miles and is bordered by the cities of Carmel, Fresno, Oakland, and Berkeley.Some people who write about Yosemite as a National Park include those who have been to the park and those who wish to pass along their own experiences with the park. Many people who are familiar with the park prefer to write about Yosemite as a National Park. This is due to the historical and natural beauty that the park provides.Another popular essay topics aboutYosemite is one that describes a hike through the park. These hikes will usually include visiting areas that are popular for hiking and biking. People who go hiking in the park find it an exciting and rewarding experience.One of the most popular essay topics about Yosemite is one that is centered around the history of the park. Although the history of the park is vast, many people prefer to focus on the early history of the park. This allows them to relate a personal experience to the history of the park.Not only is the history of the park interesting, but it can also help to build on an already existing idea. In many cases, people write about the history of the park in relation to the passing of another notable person. While writing about the history of the park is extremely interesting, people should remember that writing about Yosemite is not limited to writing about the history of the park.

Law School Essay Topics to Help You Prepare

Law School Essay Topics to Help You PrepareLaw school essays are often more challenging than undergraduate courses. However, with some ideas on how to structure an essay, a student can prepare for their final test in one of the easiest ways possible.One of the best law school essay topics that students can use is that of their own experience or story. By finding and using their own words, they have a personal response to the subject at hand, and this will be helpful as they prepare for the final exam.An example of this type of essay would be to ask students to read an article on any topic and then turn it into a personal story. The writer could then draw out the story a little more, and then ask the class to react to what they had read. This would be an effective type of essay and would help a student feel more prepared for the final exam.Another way to use law school essay topics is to identify several different ideas and use them to organize a theme. Themes are important to any kin d of writing assignment, and they provide a focal point for the entire piece. It's important to keep a theme running throughout an essay.Law school essay topics could also be considered the best methods for a student to relate a past event to the present day. It's important to be able to connect the two events because it helps the reader see a change from the past to the present. In order to be successful, it is important to be able to show the reader how you can connect the events.Other great examples of how to write about your own life would be to use law school essay topics about your children or other events in your life. Many people look back and wonder how they were able to create such amazing families, or if they would be doing things differently if they could do it allover again. Through your own experience, you can give the reader a glimpse into how these situations were resolved.Something else that many students find useful about law school essay topics is that they can us e an inside story or anecdote to support a viewpoint. A good example of this is to demonstrate how you dealt with your parents or others who may have been a part of your childhood. It's also easy to compare your childhood to others, which allows a student to show how they're different from others.No matter what types of law school essay topics you decide to use, they are a great way to help prepare for the final exam. By making sure that you cover every aspect of writing, you can increase your chances of passing your final exam. It's important to understand what topics work best for you, but by doing some research on the internet, you should be able to come up with several topics that you think might interest you.

Essays on Essays About Books

Essays on Essays About BooksEssay topics about books provide an opportunity to teach about the literary world in a subtle but practical way. Whether you're a writer or someone who is interested in taking up writing as a career, these topics provide the information you need to write the type of book you'd like to read.Essay topics about books begin with the question of what kinds of books would interest you. Why do you want to read these types of books? Once you answer this question, you can develop the kind of novel you'd like to write. You will also be better prepared to write the type of book you'd like to read.The next step in developing essays about books is to determine the topic of your essay topics about books. For example, if you've never read anything by Margaret Drabble, the question is whether you'd like to read her novels. If you've read many of her novels, you may want to read more. The same applies for other writers of fiction and nonfiction.A good place to begin learni ng about the literary world is to look at what is being published. There are two ways to approach this: First, read up on the people and events in the novels you want to read. Next, look for what's being published about them. When you've done this a few times, you'll have a good idea of what's popular and what isn't.Knowing what's popular can help you narrow down the number of titles that are interesting to you. If there are certain works of fiction you're particularly interested in, this information can be used to choose books on those subjects. It can also be used to help you decide which titles will appeal to readers interested in reading the kinds of novels you're interested in.Discovering the lives of well-known people can help you develop a more complete understanding of the literary world. Consider how common they are and how common their novels are. In this way, you can learn what stories have been told and how they are told.Some essays on essays about books deal with the po int of view of the narrator. Although many people have been writing about themselves, this may not be an option for you. However, by thinking about other people's perspectives, you will gain a more complete picture of the literary world. This can even lead to suggestions about the kinds of books you might like to read.Essays on essays about books are generally much shorter than full-length novels. They take less time to write, which means they're ideal for those who find the amount of time required for a novel a bit too much. While you're developing a list of titles you might like to read, you can also put together a list of your own: short lists of titles that would be worth considering.

Rape And Social Development Programs - 1519 Words

Introduction Date Rape is the well-known act of persuaded, or potentially forced, unconsented sex with another person. There are numerous explanations for why date rapes, or rapes in general, occur. As laid out in some academic papers, prescribed cultural masculine ideologies may be the explanation for the motive of the act. Merton and Durkeim’s Strain Theory gives some bases in the explanation of this, as pertaining the strain involved in achieving these ideologies (goals). Some initiatives by social programs prevent rape crimes by educating men about the false masculinity portrayed to them and to fight the culture surrounding it. Strain theory, as well as social learning theory, give some explanation to why date rapes are committed and social development programs may be a preventative. Specifically, what is date rape in legal terms and who does it involve? Criminal/Deviant Behaviour Rape is traditionally defined as ‘the act of sexual intercourse committed by a man with a woman not his wife and without her consent’ (Anderson, 1997). In Canada, â€Å"rape was taken out of the Criminal Code and replaced with â€Å"sexual assault†. Sexual assault in Canada does not have a definitive definition rather just assault that is sexual in nature. It is also split into three different levels of charges: Common, weapon/bodily harm, and aggravated (Depending on the severity of bodily harm). The sexual portion is just anything that relates to someone’s sexual orientation. Date Rape as opposed toShow MoreRelatedRape Prevention As Well As Education Program856 Words   |  4 Pages1. We choose that exacting source because the Rape Prevention as well as Education Program gives free, secret, trauma-informed support to all affected with sexual aggression and encourages social transform through avoidance learning. 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Humbert Humbert of Lolita and James Gatsby of The Great...

At first glance, one might find it difficult to draw comparisons between the two protagonists: James Gatsby, from The Great Gatsby, and Humbert Humbert, from Lolita. Gatsby’s is the tragic story of a self-made man who built himself an empire for a woman who would never love him. Humbert Humbert, on the other hand, is a manipulative and witty pervert who lusts after the vulgar nymphet, Lolita. Both men are extremely similar in one key aspect, however. Both Gatsby and Humbert have idealized an encounter from their youth and that idealization has become a driving obsession in each of their lives. In her essay, â€Å"Attachment to the Missing Object: Infidelity and Obsessive Love,† Lucinda Williams says that â€Å"the passion displayed†¦show more content†¦Another striking resemblance to William’s description of the ‘common’ form of obsession stems from the fact that when Humbert meets Annabel, his father is away touring Italy. He states that he â€Å"had nobody to complain to, nobody to consult† about sex (11). Instead of speaking to a parental figure about his sexual desire, he tries to figure it out for himself and in the process projects what he is really missing, a loving parental figure, onto this adolescent girl. The relationship between Annabel and Humbert is one marked with sexual restraint. Humbert describes an important sexual encounter, when they escaped to a mimosa grove while their chaperones play bridge, in great depth and it is this encounter that haunts Humbert for the rest of his life. Shortly after this moment, Annabel is called away by her mother and Humbert never gets to reach his sexual climax. He also never sees Annabel again because she dies of typhus four months later. Because of her death, Annabel is kept sacred and perfect in Humbert’s memory. The unsuccessful first tryst plagues the rest of Humbert’s relationships with women. Ellen Pifer reiterates this in her book, Demon and Doll, saying that â€Å"It is Humbert’s longing for the unattainable, for ideal perfection – what he calls the ‘rosegray never-to-be-had’ – that fires his imagination and fuels his desire for nymphet beauty† (68). This unattainable perfection whi ch Pifer speaks of appears to be the ever-young Annabel.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Lolita s Tehran Is A Memoir By Azar Nafisi1484 Words   |  6 Pages Reading Lolita in Tehran is a memoir by Azar Nafisi which shows life struggle of people, especially women living in Iran during revolution. Nafisi is a literature professor who has started her own secret class with seven former students. The class meets once a week and discusses different works of the western literature. In Iran women were were not allowed to read western literature and the ones who read these novels  were punished. Iranian government considered western culture bad for their womenRead MoreThe Truth : Ethics, Arithmetic, And Synthetics Of Life1335 Words   |  6 Pagesto know them with any degree of certainty. In Section 2 of the memoir of â€Å"Lolita in Tehran† by Azar Nafisi the book â€Å"The great Gatsby† written by Scott Fitzgerald is mentioned. Throughout this section, the reader is exposed to a varied range of themes relating to each other. One of the primary themes that recur within the pages is of dreams and its relationship with reality. Th e protagonist Jay Gatsby of â€Å"The Great Gatsby† fantasizes of getting another human and even succeeds to an extent. He is

Open Family Australia Marketing Environmental Analysis

Question: Discuss about theOpen Family Australia Marketing Environmental Analysis. Answer: Introduction Industry Overview and Service Description Open family Australia as an organization has been in the nonprofit industry for over thirty years providing charity work in various sectors. This organization operates as a limited organization by guarantee registered under the nonprofit making organization by the name open family Australia Company under the section 150 of the Australian company registration act (Achrol, Reve and Stern 2013). Open family organization was registered on 9th June in the year 2007. After registration, the organization was given 116661717 CAN after which the it was issued with 49724845604 Australian business number. Open family Australia has its headquarters located in VIC post code 3003 since the year 2004. Prior to the location of the headquarters at VIC 3003, the organization had moved from one location to another. The previous headquarters locations were as follows VIC 3003 since 27th July in the year 2012 up to the year 2014 September when the when the relocated to VIC 3207 from 2007-10-19 until the year 2012-07-27. They again moved to VIC post code 3205 starting from 19th November the year 2000 up to the in the beginning of the year 2007 November. After all these relocations, Open Family Australia was registered for the GST on 2000-07-01 after being given the trading name on 2nd may the year 2000. The company has used the name open family Australia without changing since the Australian Business Register of Australia no longer sample and update the already given trademarks. The company according to the records updated by ABN this year 2016 July on 22nd. It was found by the Aubiz.net that there are 9 trademarks which mention Open Family Australia Company. It has also been revealed that the trademark number 1043080 had been filed on 2005-02-22 and is classified as "word indicating the applicati on status as registered and operational (Bartels and Jenkins 2007). Other company trademarks include trademark number 1156228 in the "word" category application status/date: "never registered, live", 2007-01-12 and trademark number 1156231 registered on 2007-01-12 in the "word" category implying that the application status/date: "registered, live", 2007-01-12. Open family Australia operates in nonprofit industry which is having other competitive organizations. There are a number of similar organizations based in Australia offering the same services as Open Family Australia thus competition. These companies include, ACNC, IBBY, SAHANZ among others. A part from the private charity providers, the Australian government has also created several charity organizations leading to stiff competition. Open Family mainly deals with the homeless but extends to the other area as already mentioned. As a result of several companies joining the industry, most companies are therefore merging to work as one organization. Open Family Australia in the resent merged with Whitelion. The company works with volunteers who provide support to events, fundraising, ChatterBus in Melbourne and Sydney. Open Family Australia is a none profit organization as mention whose purpose and objective is to support the youth and the homeless personalities within the streets. Apart from the care to the homeless and street children, the company also conduct religious services, prov ide social services, provide peer support, counselling, facilitate and supports the peer groups. The Companys Micro and Macro Environment Open Family Australia is a firm operating within a free open system and draws resources from its environment. Business environment is composed of two categories. These categories are, macro environment containing several factors affecting the growth and development of any business in a free system (Dibb and Simkin 2001). Macro environment is type of business environment that its influence the beyond its control. Macro business environment contain factors such as demographic, economic, natural, technological, Political, cultural among others. On the other hand micro environment contains factors which affects a firm like Open Family Australia but are within the control of the organization. Micro environment includes factors such competition, participants, marketing middlemen or intermediaries, company itself and publics among others. In order to identify factors affecting the business in a given business system. Environmental determination and analysis requires the application of vario us tools of environmental analysis such as the SWOT analysis and PESTELS analysis among the other tools (Dillon, Madden and 2014.). Both micro and macro environment forces affect the free system in which Open Family Australia operates as follows: Macro Environment Economic Environment Economic environment is one of the forces within the free system that Open Family Australia operates (Heath and Wall 2011.). This environment is composed of economic conditions, policies related to economic including the economic systems. Poor economic situation of the country affects the performance of Open Family Australia. The company depends much on donations and funds raised by the public as well as other donors. When the income affected by the economic situations, capital required by the organization reduces. Income changes, to tightened budget, income variation and poor economic development prevents the growth of Open Family Australia as nonprofit organization depending on donation. Natural Environment To provide services to the public Open Family Australia depends on the availability of the natural resources. Natural resource reservation by the government hinders the performance of the company. Technological Environment Most of the operations such as the involvement of the volunteers and donations are performed through online platforms. Poor technological advancement slows down the operation of Open Family Australia Company which most of the time conduct their services through the use of advance technology. Political, Legal and Social The government business regulatory services can policies affects the operation of the Open Family Australia. Currently the government has come up with several nonprofit organizations which leading to stiff completion in the sector. Demographical Environment The demographical environment involves human population. It involves the size, age location, race occupation among other factors. The Australian population has been growing for the last few years leading increased population growth rate. The company deals with the charity working including helping the homeless in the streets. Since the population is growing at high rate, the number of people in the streets increases becoming a challenge to the organization (Hollense 2015). Micro Environment The Company (Open Family Australia) The success of any organization depends on the marketing management. Marketing management on the other hand depends on the relationship between the major players in the micro environment. There must be coordination between the management, finance, accounting departments and other sectors. The coordination between the management of Open Family Australia and other support departments like peer group helps in the success of the company. Failure of proper coordination among the key players may to disorganization of the whole system (Hunt 2006). Competition The organization is currently facing a several companies in the same industry. There are a number of government organizations set to offer the same services as Open Family Australia Company. Apart from the government organizations, there are other private organization offering charity work to the disadvantaged. When the number of organization there is always struggle for resources slowing down the rate of the organization. Suppliers The increased number organizations in the industry requires an organization such as Open Family Australia to form a strong relationship with the suppliers. Due to the increased organizations in the industry there is reduced availability of resources leading to the delays and high cost of executing projects and organizing the charity work (Keller 2009). The above discussed forces affect Open Family Australia organization in different ways as discussed. Even though the company is a nonprofit organization, it is under the influence of market forces according to market analysis. Open Family Australia deliver services to the public members who are disadvantaged in one way or another. Therefore, an institution involved with transaction and service provision operates in a free market environment with various forces. Market Segmentation Open Family Australia is operating as a nonprofit organization targeting the youths as the volunteers. Division of marketing therefore put into consideration the constituents such the population being served, the rate at which the targeted market will response and the management cultivation and solicitation to efforts to meet the objectives of the organization. The organization therefore, should apply the use of constituent codes (Leeflang and Van 2015). The organization is targeting the generation of income from volunteers and fundraising to properly execute their missions they should parlay constituent codes. The company should set a specific solicitation plans in order to gather more support through gifts and donation. The creation of a plan for each constituent code means increased donation from and volunteers from each code designed and properly managed according to the plan. Open Family Australia should therefore, design the solicitation codes with consideration with the consideration of market segments and the type of gifts, volunteers and donors they target. To come up with the a clear planned giving market segment, the organization uses various market segment bases which considers the age, gender, frequency of donation among other foundations to be considered as in the table below. Market Segmentation Bases Demographic segmentation Age/generation, Income, Gender, Family life cycle, Ethnicity, Family size, Occupation Education, Nationality, Religion and the social class of the donor or volunteer Psychographic segmentation Activities of the target group, Interests, Opinions, Values, Attitudes and their life styles Geographic segmentation Involves the region of the volunteers (continent, country, state, neighborhood), Size of city or town, Population density and Climate factors which influence the willingness of the volunteer Behavioral segmentation How often the does one donates gifts (giving rate), availability and donation situation (daily use, holiday use among others) and the volunteers status and loyalty towards the company ( Open Family Australia) The above market can be used the Open Family Australia for the purposes of reaching many volunteers and donors. These four market segmentations when properly applied by the company, the company will avoid direct link with the stiff competition prevailing in the market. Segmentation by demographic assists enable the company to select the best group that can offer maximum donations (Malhotra 2008). Demographic focuses on the identification of the best population. The company solicitation and efforts should therefore be concentrated on a larger population with the youths of the required age sets and gender. Behavioral segmentation deals with the market division based on the response and the reaction of the targeted group as indicated in the table above. This base of segmentation can help the organization to obtain maximum donation and get large number of volunteers. Segmentation by geography assists with the identification of the potential geographical areas. Open Family Australia can use this kind of market segmentation to reach out to a large potential location in order to get volunteers who can help the company to achieve the desired projects. Psychographic segmentation is another segmentation base that can be exploited by the organization to market itself. This segmentation deals with the volunteers perception and trust towards the organization (Peng and Luo 2000). Open Family Australia can apply this base to avoid stiff competition currently present in the nonprofit making industry. Market Targeting and Consumer Profile Target market are the segments or the group of individuals Open Family Australia has decided to as the acquire gifts and donations from in order to achieve the goals and objectives. Identification of the target group depends on the types of segmentation discussed above. Market segmentations in the table above assists the organization to breakdown the identified market target into smaller manageable groups (Natter at.al 2008). The target market of Open Family Australia are the youths in various learning institutions and the working youths. The market segmentations therefore help Open Family Australia Company to customize the gift, donations and the degree of the individuals willingness to volunteer and help with the charity work this organization is undertaking. Market target has enabled the company to focus on donors and volunteers who are willing to offer much to the projects of the company. Open Family Australia uses online platform while creating the volunteers profiles. Profiles help the company to reach volunteers and enable volunteers to inquire more about the company. Profile enable volunteers to have information on the goals and objective of the organizations leading to clear channel for donation. Creation of volunteers profile requires a procedure to be followed. The system begins with the company creating extensively describe loyal volunteers as well as other potential donors and determination of their target group interest. After the first two steps, the company should give clear information concerning their locations and how they can be reached by the volunteers. Open Family as created a website where all volunteers can create their profiles and get information concerning all the projects, goals and objectives of the company. Differentiation and Positioning Open Family Australia as nonprofit organization dealing with the youths, providing support to the disadvantaged homeless youths in the streets. The company maker target as mentioned in section four above are the youths in learning institutions and working ( age 15years to 35 years old). With application of market segmentations the company can be considered to be strategically located in Victoria address code 3003 as indicated in section. Even though the position of the company is considered to be strategic after several relocations. Positioning can also be considered in other way apart from the geographical perspective. Volunteers according to the reports of the company have indicated how volunteers perceive a product in relation to other competitive organizations. Open Family has a distinguishing image and offering that stands out from the competition in the minds of consumers. The company in the recent past has been using a perceptual map plotting volunteers survey data on a perceptual map. . Open Family Australia provide unique services to the youths and volunteers indicating the difference and positioning of the company (Nwankw 2000). The company follow clear and easy channel of donation mostly done online as compared to other firms. The management of the firm utilizers varied management methods. The group targeted group is quite unique consisting of young individuals. A perceptual map is a two-dimensional graph that visually provide information on a companys service and performance position. It confirms the stand of an organizations performance compared to the competitors in the same industry Conclusion The above discussion covers various concepts of the free system Open Family Australia Company is operating. The company overview provides information concerning the basic knowledge of the company starting how the company supports the disadvantaged in the streets. The company operates within a free system composed of macro environment containing forces such as, political, demographic, technology as well as natural and cultural forces. The macro environment on the other hand is made up forces that are within the companys management and can be controlled. The company operates in a competitive industry made of several government organizations. To cub the level of competition market segmentation as well as positioning and differentiation is an important factors to be considered as discussed above. The company should include the elderly in the society for extensive donation as many of the organizations do not concentrate on them. Development of a worldwide platform to enable the organization to receive volunteers and donors from all across the globe. The company should considered extension of the services and projects in order to acquire more gifts and funds from a broader community. The company should invest on the services of marketing managers for increased performance. Reference Achrol, R.S., Reve, T. and Stern, L.W., 2013. The environment of marketing channel dyads: a framework for comparative analysis. The Journal of Marketing, pp.55-67. Bartels, R. and Jenkins, R.L., 2007. Macromarketing. The Journal of Marketing, pp.17-20. Dibb, S. and Simkin, L., 2001. Targeting, segments and positioning. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 19(3). Dillon, W.R., Madden, T.J. and Firtle, N.H., 2014. Marketing research in a marketing environment. Richard d Irwin. Heath, E. and Wall, G., 2011. Marketing tourism destinations: a strategic planning approach. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Hollensen, S., 2015. Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hunt, S.D., 2006. The nature and scope of marketing. Journal of Marketing, 40(3), pp.17-28. Keller, K.L., 2009. Building strong brands in a modern marketing communications environment. Journal of marketing communications, 15(2-3), pp.139-155. Leeflang, P.S. and Van Raaij, W.F., 2015. The changing consumer in the European Union: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(5), pp.373-387. Malhotra, N.K., 2008. Marketing research: An applied orientation, 5/e. Pearson Education India. Natter, M., Mild, A., Wagner, U. and Taudes, A., 2008. Practice Prize Report-Planning New Tariffs at tele. ring: The Application and Impact of an Integrated Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Tool. Marketing Science, 27(4), pp.600-609. Nwankwo, S., 2000. Assessing the marketing environment in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities and threats analysis. Marketing intelligence planning, 18(3), pp.144-153. Peng, M.W. and Luo, Y., 2000. Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of management journal, 43(3), pp.486-501. Peter, J.P., Olson, J.C. and Grunert, K.G., 2009. Consumer behavior and marketing strategy (pp. 122-123). London: McGraw-Hill. Piercy, N., 2012. Market-led strategic change (p. 367). London: Thorsons. Reeder, R.R., Brierty, E.G. and Reeder, B.H., 2007. Industrial marketing: Analysis, planning, and control. Prentice Hall. Wood, M.B., 2011. The marketing plan handbook. Pearson Higher Ed.

Intellectual Disability free essay sample

The aim of this assignment is to explore the role of the multi-disciplinary team when caring for an individual with an Intellectual Disability. I will also be explaining the term Front Line Staff. I will also show an understanding of the support needed by a person with an Intellectual Disability. Promoting positive attitudes toward people with Intellectual Disabilities will also be looked at. The Intellectual Disability I will be focusing on is Down Syndrome. I will also look at the care provided in a residential setting and the front line staff providing that care. I will also be looking at the way front line staff can promote Dignity, Choice, Relationships and Contributing and the importance for a person with ID to be able to experience all of them. For this assignment I will carry out some primary research, this will involve an interview with a member of a multi – disciplinary team. During my work placement in St John of Gods Drumcar I hope to see a multi – disciplinary team at first hand and get a better understanding of the work they do and how they meet the holistic needs of a person with ID. Dignity â€Å"Dignity is being treated as a human being. It is about being treated as an individual and with respect. † Royal College of Nursing (2013) Dignity should be shown to all people but especially to those who are in a care setting regardless of their physical or intellectual ability. When people are treated with dignity they feel as if they are in control and feel valued and confident to make decisions for themselves. Dignity for people with learning disabilities often involves what other people may take for granted. This is why it is important to promote dignity for people with ID. There are many ways to promote dignity but here a just a few; Always address the individual about their care and not their family ie talking to the mother instead of the client. Treat every individual the same, and with respect. If you are an adult, you should be treated as an adult. Always find out what people can do for themselves and not do it for them. Do not make assumptions about the person. You need to take time to establish what their abilities are and what support they need. Choice â€Å"Living ‘a good life’ means that one is able to determine the course of one’s own life and have the opportunity to create an existence based on one’s own dreams, visions, wishes and needs†. Holm, Holst, Balch Olsen, and Perlt, 1996 Individuals with ID should be allowed to make choices on how they wished to be cared for. Some people may wish to live independently and get jobs, be integrated into society, and some people may choose to live in residential care, either way they should have the right to choose. Having a choice also gives a feeling of control over their own lives. Being able to choose ones own clothes for example or having the choice of what food to eat. People with ID should have the right to make the same choices as everybody else. Choices we take for granted or choices we may see as trivial may be a big decision for a person with ID. How a person with ID wishes to be treated medically should also be taken into consideration. Relationships – Building relationships are an important part of everybody’s life and people with Intellectual Disabilities are no different. People with ID should be encouraged to build relationships. Having a relationship with someone apart from somebody who is family or a paid member of staff will give a person with ID a great feeling of self worth and a feeling that they are cared about and loved. Being able to have network of friends for support is very important. Having a life outside of a care facility could eventually lead to independent living. Contributing – Having the ability to make a contribution to society is an important element in building self – esteem and self – confidence. The focus was always on what people with ID were incapable of doing and not focusing on what they can do. It should not be assumed that people with ID can not make a contribution to society, they should be given the same opportunities as everybody else. This should include; Education Training, Community Services, Social Welfare, Job Opportunities, Housing. Many people with ID have part of full time jobs one such place providing jobs to people with ID is L’Arche workshops and coffee shops. The L’Arche ethos is â€Å"A foundational belief of LArche is that central to every person is the need to feel useful. To have a sense of purpose. To feel part of, and contribute to, a larger association of people. † http://www. larche. ie/Workshops. aspx Facilities Support Available For People With An Intellectual Disability There are very different types and levels of ID this will therefore determine the type of support that person will require. For some people with minor disabilities staying at home or going to a day centre for some training or learning new skills could prove to be enough. Some people might have a slightly more severe disability and might require more professional support. This support can come in various ways either through residential homes where the client would live in a medical model of care and have all their needs met by staff nurses, RPA’s ( residential programme assistants ) doctors, and many different therapists. They may also live in community housing where they would live in a social model of care. This would involve having house parents instead of staff nurses and where carers are there to assist the resident instead of doing everything for them like they would in a residential home. In a community home residents have more freedom to make decisions for themselves for example what kind of food do they want, where to buy their clothes, where to go on day trips all of these self made choices are all examples of living in a social model. Some people may have the opportunity to live in Independent or Semi-Independent housing. This can be determined by finding out what the individuals needs are and giving them the training to be able to live independently. While many people with ID live independently they will always need support from either social workers or from a previous residential home from where they might have moved from. One such place is Sunbeam House Services which provide care for people with all levels of disability with its main ethos being to provide people with the necessary skills to live full and satisfying lives as equal citizens of their local communities. http://www. sunbeam. ie/ Some families might only require respite or temporary care. Respite or temporary care may involve providing alternative family or institutional care for a person with a disability in order to enable the carer to take a short break, a holiday or a rest. Schemes of respite care are sometimes called Breakaway or Friendship schemes. Respite care may be based in the community or in an institution for example St Mary’s Drumcar. There are also many services available for young children with ID. This may come in the form of a special needs assistant in class or even going to a special needs school. Children with ID are now not automatically sent to special needs school. They have the opportunity to be assessed and then get to go to mainstream school and be educated along with their peers with the help from a SNA, this gives them a better chance of being able to live more independently in later life. The Role Of The Multi-Disciplinary Team I will now explore the role of the multi-disciplinary team caring for a person with Down Syndrome and how a person with Down Syndrome is assessed so that they have proper access to the services that they might require. Parents of children with Down Syndrome have 3 choices when it comes to getting the best education for their child. Before making this decision the child will need to be assessed to identify their needs and to make sure that they get their specific needs met, they can then choose one of the following to give their child the best chance of getting an education Mainstream school Special class or unit within a mainstream school Special school In a persons early life they need to be assessed to see the level of care they need. This involves having medical and developmental assessment. This will determine if the person has any other underlying disability along with having Down Syndrome for example a heart defect or a hearing impairment which would determine the level of independence that person can have. They would also need to have a Psychological assessment done to evaluate the level at which the child is able to understand new tasks and their ability to learn this will be very important when it comes to deciding the type of school to send the child. These assessments are also important to establish the type of services that person will require when they get older. Front Line Staff â€Å"Front-line staff are social care employees who work directly with service users, including volunteers, students, ancillary staff and practitioners†. https://www. nsasocialcare. co. uk/careship/front-line-staff The front line staff who deal with people with ID include some of the following, they are also know as the Multi-Disciplinary team, according to HSE. ie Nurses Social Worker Doctors Dietician Psychologist Behaviour Therapist Occupational Therapist Art Music Therapist Speech Language Therapist Pharmacist While carrying out my primary research in a residential home I discovered Nurses play a vital role in the care provided to a person with Down Syndrome . Whilst on placement I spoke to a staff nurse who told me that the residents depend a lot on them for food, medicine, intimate care and even for simple things like company. In St Mary’s Drumcar the role of the nurse is a vital one, she or he is in charge of their unit and responsible for all the clients in that unit. They must see that every client gets their medication, they will also supervise over the RPA’s and make sure the residents get the best quality of care. They also have a part to play when it comes to ensuring that the clients are getting exercise, fresh air and any other form of stimulation that is available. The nurses must also record any changes or incidents involving the client and they must also keep up to date with hospital visits or treatments that the client may require. Another member of the Multi-disciplinary team is the Physiotherapist and in a large residential care setting like St Mary’s Drumcar a Physiotherapist would also have a Physiotherapist nurse assigned to them. St Mary’s have over 150 live in clients, with a lot of them requiring either daily or weekly treatment. One such client I observed required daily treatment. The physiotherapist visits him every morning and spends 15- 20 minutes performing chest therapy. This is performed to help the client in removing the build up of mucus on his chest which he is not able to remove himself. The therapy involves hitting the client firmly but gently with a cupped hand on his chest and back from top to bottom, this will then loosen any mucus and help him breath easily. If this was not performed the client would be susceptible to chronic bronchitis. The physiotherapist will perform this on another 10 clients that day and this has to be done every day along with other treatments. Occupational Therapy deals with promoting clients’ health and well-being, through occupation. This means helping a client do what they can do for themselves in their every day life. Occupational Therapy is client-centred and works to enable people to do certain activities which are important to them. They achieve this by helping clients to do things that will enhance their ability to participate in activities and this may include modifying their surroundings. According to Intellectual. ie, the Occupational Therapists will ask the question, Why does this person have difficulties managing his or her daily activities, and what can we adapt to make it possible for him or her to manage better and how will this then impact his or her health and well-being? †. Following an assessment, the occupational therapist liaises with the client, family members and other members of the Multi-disciplinary team in order to develop a holistic treatment plan. Without this vital communication within the team the client may not get the right treatment that they may require. In order to get a full understanding of the clients needs the whole team must communicate with each other. That is why the nurses must keep a record of their daily activity, the physiotherapist must report any changes they might find, the occupational therapist must inform the nurse of what activities might help the client, and all of this communication leads to the client living a more fulfilling life. Evaluation The aim of my assignment was to get a better understanding of the support needed by a person with ID and what facilities are in place to provide that support. I learned that there are many different types of ID and the severity of disability will determine the level of independence that person will have. During my time on placement in St Mary’s Drumcar, I had many conversations with different members of the Multi-Disciplinary team. I found it interesting to learn that a person with a minor learning disability with the support of a social care worker could happily live independently or semi independent and that many of their former residents now live in the community. Whereas in the case of one particular client who is in his 60’s and has severe PKU (Phenylketonuria) which was untreated as a child, will require long term residential care, living in a medical model of care, and may never have the ability to live outside St Mary’s. These decisions are normally made by members of the Multi-Disciplinary team. A psychologist will determine a person’s ability to learn or what their state of mind is. An occupational therapist will determine a client’s ability to live independently or what needs they might require to live life to their full potential and come up with a lifestyle to suit each individual. A social worker will liaise with the medical team and help a client settle in to a social model of care and make sure they get all their entitlements and are coping with living in the community. During my time in St Mary’s Drumcar I discovered that all clients have access to music classes or swimming lessons and they the opportunity to express themselves and have most of their holistic needs met. Unfortunately during the current economic climate and many services facing cut backs there isn’t always adequate staff to supervise the clients and therefore even though the facilities are there the clients might not always be able to use them. I also learned there are many organisations which promote independence for people with ID. Places like L’Arche or Sunbeam House Services base their ethos on giving people the training and skills needed to live independently and make contributions to their community. The Education of Persons with Special Educational Needs Act 2004 (EPSEN) makes provision for the education of children with special educational needs in mainstream schools. HIQA was established in May 2007 and are an independent authority responsible for ensuring quality and safety in social care providers for children, older people and people with disabilities in Ireland. Appendices This is a transcript of an interview held with a staff nurse in St Mary’s Drumcar, Dunleer, Co. Louth. I also spoke to a physiotherapist and I will include some of the main points made during this conversation. Names have been changed to maintain confidentiality. Hi Pauline thank you for agreeing to talk to me. Can you just tell me a bit about youself and how long have you been working here? No problem Clyde only too glad to help. Well I’m a staff nurse here in St Mary’s and havr been for over 16 years. I started here as a carer when I left school really liked it then St Mary’s must have seen something in me and wanted to train me up as a nurse. Exactly what are your duties here and what kind of things do you do here to give the clients a more holistic level of care. Well we provide all their medical needs, this would include administering medicine making sure they are up to date with their hospital appointment and getting their daily treatments. Our role has changed dramatically over the years we now are responsible for feeding washing and cleaning the units this would of been done by a RPA but with the cut backs there are less RPA’s so we now have to do all the work they would have done. What do you do to stimulate the clients and how do you promote their holistic care? We have a music teacher who comes in twice a week we also have swimming pool that the clients can use. We also have a music room where the clients can go and play instrument or even listen to music if they want to. Unfortunately we don’t always have enough staff on to accompany some of the clients who are not able to go by themselves, if a client is a wheelchair user or has a visual impairment then they would need either a nurse or a RPA to go with them and its only if a volunteer is about or a student like yourself is around then we have the opportunity to use the facilities. How long have most of these clients lived here? Most of them have been here most of their lives we stoppedtaking in residential client in the mid-nineties most of our client would be over 50 years old and have been here since their early teens or children. We only have about 150 live in clients we used to have nearly 700 but most of them client now live out in the community. The clients who live her now are the ones who will need extra care to live in the community or will never be able to live in the community and always require a medical model of care. Ideally I think a mix of a medical and social model of care would be the best option for the clients. Hi Mary exactly what is your role here in Drumcar? Hi Clyde I’m a physiotherapists Nurse and I visit the clients every day and perform many different treatments. What type of treatments would you perform on a typical day? It could range from chest physio to promoting blood circulation a lot of clients spend a lot of time either in bed or sitting so pressure ulcer control is a major issue so we have to encourage and help the clients with their mobility.